Literature extends beyond 'the classics.' Incorporating it as a resource in language learning can be highly motivating and effective for developing language skills naturally and communicatively. Not only does literature foster a love for reading, but it also enhances key language skills while encouraging learners to develop what McRae (1991) calls "thinking in English." One effective and enjoyable way to introduce literature in the classroom is through literature circles—small, student-led discussion groups where each student takes on a role related to a book or text of their choice. This approach empowers learners to take charge of their learning, practicing essential skills like speaking, listening, reading, and writing. This article explores how to implement literature circles for primary and adolescent classrooms, specific activities that can be incorporated, and how these activities foster autonomous language learning in a fun, communicative environment.
Why Use Literature Circles?
Literature circles provide a learner-centered approach to reading. Instead of the teacher directing discussions, students take ownership by assuming roles like summarizer, discussion director, or vocabulary enricher. This method encourages autonomous learning while promoting natural language production. With roles tailored to each learner's strengths, students lead discussions, ask questions, and support peers—all in English. This not only boosts engagement but also builds confidence in their language skills and responsibility for their learning outcomes.
Choosing the Right Literature
Choosing appropriate literature is essential. For primary learners, select short, visually engaging stories like picture books, comics, fables, or fairy tales, especially those familiar to them from their native language. These accessible texts help develop vocabulary. For adolescents, consider young adult novels, short stories, or thematic poetry collections. Texts that align with students' interests and experiences encourage motivation and engagement. To ensure comprehension, learners need a receptive mastery of at least 95% of the vocabulary (Hu & Nation, 2000).
Roles and Activities
Each role in a literature circle can target specific language skills, fostering a comprehensive approach to English learning. Here are examples of roles and activities that promote language development:
- Summarizer
Tasked with providing a brief recap of the text, highlighting key events or ideas, helping develop reading comprehension and critical thinking skills.- Activity: Prepare a summary to present to other literature circles. Peers can ask questions or add points, reinforcing understanding.
- Skills Developed: Vocabulary, sentence structure, oral fluency, and listening comprehension.
- Discussion Director
Leads the conversation by asking open-ended questions, enhancing speaking skills and critical thinking.- Activity: Prepare 3-5 discussion questions to promote debate and critical analysis in English.
- Skills Developed: Critical thinking, oral communication, question formation, vocabulary in context.
- Character Analyzer
Focuses on understanding characters’ traits and motivations, practicing descriptive language.- Activity: Describe a character's personality, using examples from the text.
- Skills Developed: Descriptive vocabulary, textual evidence presentation, comparative language.
- Word Master
Identifies challenging words and explains meanings, crucial for building vocabulary.- Activity: Define and create sentences using 5-10 selected words, encouraging peers to use them in context.
- Skills Developed: Vocabulary retention, contextual understanding, and sentence construction.
Craft Activities to Reinforce Learning
Craft activities add a kinesthetic element to literature circles, especially for younger students. Below are craft ideas that integrate language exercises:
- Character Collages
Create a collage that represents a character’s personality and traits. Present to the class, practicing descriptive language. - Plot Diagrams, Maps, or Timelines
Draw a visual representation of the story’s plot. Label key events and present the diagram to reinforce sequencing skills. - Vocabulary Art
Illustrate key vocabulary words, write definitions, and example sentences for a classroom gallery.
Conclusion
Implementing literature circles provides a learner-centered, interactive approach to English language teaching. By selecting engaging texts and assigning thoughtful roles and activities, students are immersed in an environment that promotes vocabulary acquisition and natural communication. Literature circles encourage discussion and free communicative production among peers, making language learning both enjoyable and effective.
References:
1.Ma, L., Ismail, L., & Saharuddin, N. (2023). Effectiveness of Literature Circles in Developing English Language Reading Ability: A Systematic Review. English Language Teaching*, 16(7), 47-60.
2. Carter, R., & Jones, A. (2011). Literature and Language Awareness: Using Literature to Achieve CEFR Outcomes. ELT Journal, 66(2), 214-223
3. Hu, M., & Nation, I.S.P. (2000). Unknown Vocabulary Density and Reading Comprehension. Reading in a Foreign Language, 13(1), 403-430
4. Shelton, N. R., & Strong, J. (2012). A Literature Circle Framework for Comprehension and Vocabulary Development. The Reading Teacher, 66(1), 53-63
5. McRae, J. (1991). Literature with a Small ‘l’. London: Macmillan.
